由 and 或 both and 连接的并列主语，谓语动词一般用复数

1. English and chinese are two quite different languages.
2. Both brother and sister tire of city life.

一但主语前被 no,every,each 所修饰时，谓语动词用单数

1. No desk and (no) chair is seen in the hall.
2. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
3. They each have been to the Forbidden city. each 位于主语后，所以谓语动词用复数

当主语表示同一事物的两个部分，同一个人的两个身份（第二个名词前无冠词），谓语动词用单数

比如 the（a）horse and cart a watch and chain a knife and fork a cup and soucer the butter and bread

1. The horse and cart has fallen down the cliff（悬崖）.
2. Butter and bread is his favourate.
3. The poet（诗人） and writer has been sentenced（判决） to death.
4. The poet and the writer have been sentenced（判决） to death.

两数相加或相乘，单复皆可，相减或相除，只能用单数，量词做主语，用单数

等于： be,equal,be equal to,make 相加： and,plus 相减： minus 相乘： multily,time 相除： divided by

One and one make(makes) two.

就近原则

not only…but also there/here be or,nor,either…or,neither…nor,not…but

1. There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
2. Are you or your sister fond of classical music?
3. An apple or two lies on the desk.（数量词后用单数）
4. One or two apples lie on the desk.
5. Not he but you have come.

就远原则

两单体两结构三 with 四除外 like,including rather than,as well as with,together with,along with except,besides,but,in addition to

1. The couple in addition to their child are mean.
2. Lauren,rather than anyone else was chose his partener.
3. A library together with 3000 books was destroyed in the fire.

时间，金钱，距离，温度，天气，重量等不可数名词，to do,doing, 从句做主语时，谓 v 用单数

1. To go to bed early and rise early is a good habit.
2. What he says and behaives doesn’t concern me.

分数，百分数，the rest(+of+n) 做主语，用单数

谓语动词由 of 后面的名词决定，一般用单数。 分数用法： 通常分子读基数，分母读序数，分子超过 1 时，分母加 s。即 基+序 (s)+of+n+谓

1. Most students are in favaour of the contract（契约） but the rest disagree. be favaour of: be for,approve of,support,agree with
2. About two thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water.

一些短语

one of+n 或 the only one of+n, 一般用单数（定从根据中心词在 of 前后） a number of+n（用复数） & the number of+n（用单数） one in 或 one out of+n （用单数） a large quantity of & large quantity of + 可、不可数 n a large amount of & large amounts of + 不可数 n

1. He is one of the students who were awarded the other day.
2. He is the only one of the students who was awarded the other day.
3. One of his family was a traitor（卖国贼，叛徒） during the world war two.
4. A number of teenagers are addicted to the Internet.
5. The number of students who are addicted to the Internet is up to（接近于） 15.
6. Large amounts of power are foused on him alone.==a large amount of power is foused on him alone.

不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数

all 修饰人，谓语动词用复数，修饰物，谓语动词用单数

1. All are present besides the professor.
2. All that glitters（发光体） is not gold. not 与 all/both 等连用表部分否定

the +adj 表一类人做主语时，谓语动词用复数

• The injured are taken good care of in hospital.
• The agreeable is not always the useful.（不表人）

成双成对的词做主语，用复数

trousers（裤子）,chopsticks,scissors（剪刀）,glasses

1. Pants are what I want.
2. The pair of glasses seems expensive.（谓语动词与表示计量单位的名词形式一致）
3. Three set of fashionable socks are shown in today’s evening proper（恰当地）.

一系列： a piece/pair/set/suit/series of

以 s 结尾特殊专用名词，用单数

表学科，疾病，山脉，河流，书名，歌名，格言等 maths,physicsa（物理）,politics（政治）,classics,economics,Aids,SARs,diabetes（糖尿病）,arthritis（关节炎）,bronchitis（支气管炎）,Himalayas,Arabian Night

Arabian Night sounds beautiful.

many a +单 n+单谓： “许多” more than one +单 n+单谓： “不止一个”

1. Many a man thinks life is meaningless without a purpose/an aim.
2. More than one student has put forward the suggestion.
3. More students than one are against the proposal.
4. More than 20% students were absent at the meeting yesterday.（不止）

police,people,cattle 做主语，用复数

It is reported that police are trying their best to capture the murder.

the Olympics & the Olympic games

The Olympices is hold every four years. == The Olympic games are hold every four year.

集体名词做主语，表整体用单数，表成员用复数

family,class,group,team,army,public,crew,population

1. The innovation experiment（革新实验） class consists of 24 students and enjoy chinese.
2. Population in China is 1.4 billion or so(about) 20% (Population) have no access to clean water.

单复同形，sheep,deer,means,Chinese 等谓语动词依据情况而定

Many deer live on the African grassland.

地点状语位于句首

1. Among the crow stand his parents.
2. On the wall hangs an alarm clock.

“of”: of 表所属时，中心词在 of 之前，谓语动词由中心词决定，特例除外。

形式倒装，句子本不是本来的语序。

may 位于句首，标祝愿

例句

1. May you succeed.
2. May you have a happy holiday.
3. Long live chairman Mao.（毛主席万古长青）

whatever 直接做成分或放在名词之前，however 放在 adv,adj 之前或 many,much 等词之前

例句

1. Whatever the weather is,he sticks out（坚持） walking outside.
2. Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can offord.
3. Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.
4. However many difficulties(n.) you meet with,you should try to overcome them. Whatever difficulties(n.) you meet with,you should try to overcome them. However difficult(adj.) the problem is,we must work it out today.

the + 比较级，the + 比较级 -->“越 … 越 …”

例句

1. The hander you study,the greater progress you will make.
2. The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.
3. The older you grow,the more challenges you will meet.

感叹句

例句

1. What an interesting talk they had!
2. How interesting the talk was!

完全倒装： 把整个谓语动词放到主语前。

表方位或时间的副词 (adv)、表地点的介词短语位于句首时

例句

1. Here comes the bus.
2. In the lecture hall of a university sits a professor.
3. Out rushed the children.
4. Now comes your turn.
5. Up jumped the cat and caught the mouse.
6. Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
7. Among the people stood his friend,Jim.
8. (To be) South of the river lies a small factory.

但主语为表示人称的代词时无需倒装

9. Here are you.    Away it flew.

表语（词/短语）位于句首时，adj/doing/done

例句

1. Written on the blackboard are the name of these who were late.
2. Gone are the days when we worked together.
3. Standing at the tree is a shy girl with two big eges.
4. Present(adj) at the conference were all leaders of this city.
5. Lying on the grassland is the boy who was injured in the fire.

存在句 there be 中，其中 be ->exist/arise/follow/enter/appear/live 等表状态 vi

例句

1. There come shows for help from the river.
2. There seems something wrong with machine.
3. There remains nothing to be done.
4. There happened an event last week.

虽然我英语四级没过，词汇量也不很多，甚至下降了很多，但是对于英语的语法我还是很喜欢的，马上快四级了又，复习整理一下以前的语法笔记。以下内容纯手打！！ 先从倒装句开始吧！分为三大类，部分倒装，完全倒装和形式倒装。先复习第一种。

部分倒装： 把谓语动词的一部分（助动词，be 动词，情态动词）提到主语前面。

xx 也如此，xx 也一样

表示前面的内容也适用于后者，用"so/nor/neither + 动词 + 主语"句型。表“xx 也如此，xx 也一样”。可用,、;、and隔开（注意情形）。

例句

1. They love having lots of friends, so dothe disabled.（这里the + 形容词表一类人）
2. I have had a new idea; so hasmy friends.
3. Lily can’t ride bicycle, nor/neither canlucy.
4. The injured look disappointed（沮丧的）, so didsenior citizens.（老人） （否定前缀词 ≠ 否定）
5. If you aren’t for the plan; nor/neither willI.
   , 或 ; 前的句子若为从句，先将主句补充出，其后再根据主句改。
   这里主句应为： I will not be for the plan.(be for 同意）
6. It is burning（燃烧） hot today, so it is（那确实） and/; so was (it)yesterday.（这里只用用 and 或；)
7. Everyone is here and looks upset, so it is with Mary = it is the same withMary.
   这个句型同样适用于前面的六个例子，但是前面是并列句必须用这个句型。
8. The truth is that no one is perfect.When all potential（潜在的） for ugliness in removed, so is all of the potential for beauty.

否定副词或含有否定的介词短位于句首

例句

1. Neither does Mr.Green know the matter（事件） nor does he care about it.
   neither……nor…… 既不也不 either……or……要么要么，不是就是
2. Not only did we lose our way but also (we) came close to losing our lives.(come close to 接近，差一点就）
3. Not until I began to work hard did I realize how much time I had wasted.
   从句不倒装，原句为：
   I didn’t realize how much time I had wasted until I began to work hard.
4. No sooner had they arrived at the tomb than they fell ill.（一……就……)
5. In no case will we give up half-way.
6. Hardly does Jim think it possible to finish the task before/when dark.
   hardly…before/when 一……就……   这里取"几乎不"释义应该更合适。
7. Not a (single) mistake has Mary made so far.（玛丽到目前为止一个错误也没犯。)
   not a (single) + 单数名词 表示“一个也没有”%}
8. In no time（立刻马上） Jone worked out the figure（体积）. （无否定不倒装）

only + 状语位于句首

例句

1. Only in this way are you able to do it well.
   倒装前：
   You are able to do it well only in this way.
2. Only when they returned home did they understand what had happened.
3. Only on such a trip will you gain a better appreciation（理解） of Eurepean literature.
4. Only the teacher got the news that our school could have a 4-day holiday.（同位语从句，only+主语所以不倒装）

So/Such…that… 句型位于句首

So + adj + a/an + 单数名词 = Such + a/an + adj + 单数名词 如此 ... 以至于 ... so 侧重于 adj/adv such 侧重于 n. 比如，so many/much/few/little

例句

1. So crowded was the art gallery（展览会） that I couldn’t move about (it).
2. Such good weather was it that we all went out last week.
3. Such a lovely girl is kate that everyone likes her.
4. So loudly did he speak that even people next room could hear him.

as 引导让步狀语从句

as 引导让步状语从句（虽然，即使，尽管，无论），把从句中的表语，动词，副词提至句首 (as 后不用再倒装了），当表语是名词时，提至句首时一律用零冠词（其中 as 可用 though 替代，倒装后省略 but,though,however,even,though,although 等）

例句

1. Child as he is,he knows a lot.
2. Poor as King was,he tried his best to help others.
3. Try as he may,he has never made his boss satisfied.
4. Search as you would,you could find no body in the room.
5. Much as I want to buy the car,I can’t afford（支付） it.

把虚拟语气从句中的 were,had,should 提至句首，并省略 if

例句

1. Had you followwed my advice,you couldn’t have made such a silly mistake.
2. Were you not a boy,you could wear a dress.
3. Should he invite me,I might take part in this party.

表肯定含义的时间频率词位于句首

always,often,many a time(many times 多次）,every + 时间，now and then（时不时的）

例句

1. Many a time has he offered me some good suggestions.
2. Now and then does my class teacher warn us not yo use cellphones in the classroom.

疑问句用部分倒装

普通的疑问句：
How do you do that?
除了：
What is wrong? = What is the matter?
…